Thin-shell plastic lenses for space and laboratory applications

We have identified an inexpensive, readily available, mechanically stable, extremely smooth, elastic, and mechanicallyuniform plastic suitable for thin film X-ray optics. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is easily deformed without losing itselastic properties or surface smoothness. Most important, PET can be coated with mono- or multilayers that reflect X-raysat grazing incidence. We have used these properties to produce X-ray optics made either as a concentric nest of cylindersor as a spiral. We have produced accurately formed shells in precisely machined vacuum mandrels or used a pin and wheelstructure to form a continuously wound spiral. The wide range of medical, industrial and scientific applications for ourtechnology includes: a monochromatic X-ray collimator for medical diagnostics, a relay optic to transport an X-ray beamfrom the target in a scanning electron microscope to a lithium-drifted silicon and microcalorimeter detectors and a satellitemounted telescope to collect celestial X-rays. A wide variety ofmono- and multilayer coatings allow X-rays up to 100 keVto be reflected. Our paper presents data from a variety of diagnostic measurements on the properties of the PET foil andimaging results form single- and multi-shell lenses.