Nuclear magnetic resonance for cultural heritage

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) portable devices are now being used for nondestructive in situ analysis of water content, pore spacestructure and protective treatment performance in porous media in the field of cultural heritage. It is a standard procedure to invert T1 and T2relaxation data of fully water-saturated samples to get bpore sizeQ distributions, but the use of T2 requires great caution. It is well known thatdephasing effects due to water molecule diffusion in a magnetic field gradient can affect transverse relaxation data, even if the smallestexperimentally available half echo time s is used in Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill experiments. When a portable single-sided NMR apparatusis used, large field gradients due to the instrument, at the scale of the sample, are thought to be the dominant dephasing cause. In this paper,T1 and T2 (at different s values) distributions were measured in natural (Lecce stone) and artificial (brick samples coming from the Greek–Roman Theatre of Taormina) porous media of interest for cultural heritage by a standard laboratory instrument and a portable device. WhileT1 distributions do not show any appreciable effect from inhomogeneous fields, T2 distributions can show strong effects, and a procedure ispresented based on the dependence of 1/T2 on s to separate pore-scale gradient effects from sample-scale gradient effects. Unexpectedly, thegradient at the pore scale can be, in some cases, strong enough to make negligible the effects of gradients at the sample scale of the singlesideddevice.