Anti-proliferative effect of main dietaryphytosterols and β-cryptoxanthin alone orcombined in human colon cancer Caco-2 cellsthrough cytosolic Ca+2 – and oxidative stress induced apoptosis

β-cryptoxanthin (β-Cx) and phytosterols (Ps) have potential against different cancer types,including colon cancer. However, their combined action has not been reported so far. Human colon cancer Caco-2 cells were treated 24 h with β-Cx and/or main dietary Ps (β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol), alone or in combination, at concentrations compatible withphysiological human serum levels. A decrease in cell viability due to apoptosis (rise in sub-G1 population and exposure of membrane phosphatidylserine) was accompanied withdephosphorylation of BAD, mitochondrial depolarization and caspase 3-dependent PARP cleavage,with intracellular Ca2+ influx and increase of RONS levels as initial triggers. Ps and β-Cx, alone or in combination showed anti-proliferative activity against human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells through the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. No additive or synergistic effects were observed.The importance of bioactivity-guided assays with mixtures of dietarybioactive compounds to determine their eventual interactions in the functional food context is demonstrated.