A life cycle environmental impact comparison between traditional, hybrid, and electric vehicles in the european context

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• electric vehicle 91%
• life cycle 56%
• vehicle 54%
• environmental impact 53%
• combustion engine 49%
• battery 37%
• comparison 28%
• electricity 14%
• global warming 13%
• scenario analysis 13%
• electric battery 9%
• life cycle analysis 6%
• urban pollution 6%
• carbon footprint 6%
• acidification 5%
• energy source 5%
• engine 4%
• fossil fuel 4%
• automobile 4%
• manufacturing 4%
• raw material 4%
• methodology 3%
• mineral 2%
• material 2%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Hybrid vehicles 73%
• Environmental impact 66%
• Electric vehicles 62%
• Life cycle 59%
• Battery electric vehicles 47%
• Internal combustion engines 36%
• Global warming 17%
• Electricity 11%
• Acidification 7%
• Electric batteries 7%
• Carbon footprint 6%
• Minerals 5%
• Fossil fuels 5%
• Raw materials 5%
• Pollution 4%
• Engines 3%
• Hot Temperature 2%

Social Sciences

• electric vehicle 100%
• life cycle 69%
• environmental impact 64%
• electricity 18%
• scenario 9%
• energy source 7%
• raw materials 7%
• motor vehicle 6%
• compromise 5%
• manufacturing 5%
• methodology 3%